Hydrofoil boat



N. W. GARDINER HYDROFOIL BOAT Nov. 27, 1951 Filed Nov. 9, 1948 9 Sheets-Sheet 1 N. W. GARDINER Nov. 27, 195] HYDROFOIL BOAT 9 Sheets-Sheet 2 Filed Nov. 9, 1948 /m/en/or w MM f 6 /M .Wsw mm v #www nc N By his N. W. GARDNER HYDROF'OIL BOAT Nov. 27, 1951 9 Sheefs-Sheet 5 Filed Nov. S, 1948 lllll f 0 m au f W J 9 .NJ F f J 4 FTM H u l lfm DI. L m x .M d an F /W n .i 'L -L 8. Z

/Ve/'/ l/I//'///bm Gard/her By his @from eys MMM Nov. 27, 1951 N. w. GARDINER HYDROFOIL BOAT 9 Sheets-Sheet 7 Filed Nov. 9, 1948 Fig.|2

Nov. 27, 1951 N. w. GARDINER HYDROFOIL BOAT 9 Sheets-Sheet 8 lss Filed Nov. 9, 1948 Zeg F ig. l5

/n Ven for /Ve/Y l/l//'///bm Gard/ hef 5y /z/'s afomeys MMM NOV. 27, 1951 N, W GARDlNER 2,576,716

HYDROFOIL BOAT Filed Nov. 9, 1948 9 Shee'S-Sheet 9 /m/@n for /Vef/ W////'0m Gard/77er By /7/5 affomeys Patented Nov. 27, 1951 2,576,716 HYDRoFon'. BOAT Neil William Gardiner, Great Auclum, Burghfield Common, England Application November 9, 1948, Serial No. 59,135 v In Greatritain November 12, 1947 40 Claims. (C1. 114-665) This invention relates to an improvement in the ycontrol of hydrofoil boats, which are high speed craft adapted to travel on the surface of the water and which are provided with submerged hydrofoils or supporting fins inclined at a suitable angle of incidence so that upon the craft :attaining a pre-determined speed it is supported above its normal floating position at a distance abovev the water surfacer by the lift due to the vinclined hydrofoils.

Ithas already been proposed, in craft of this kind having one or more adjustable hydrofoils disposed in the vicinity of the forepart or bow, to provide a control plane for each hydrofoil which floats on or skims along the surface of the Water and is disposed ahead of the hydrofoil controlled by it, each hydrofoil being pivotally connected to a strut fix-ed relatively to the craft and each control plane being connected to its hydrofoil in such a manner that the angle of attack ofthe latter is increased the more deeply it becomes submerged. In the known arrangement each control plane consists of a jockey arm pivotally mounted to the craft and -connected through a suitable mechanical linkage to its associated hydrofoil.

The object of the above mentioned control .planes is rto predict the wave formation ahead of the craft and to vary the angle of attack of thehydrofoils in such a manner that the craft rides over thewaves as it meets them.

The disadvantage Vof 'the known system of water surface prediction is the vulnerability of the jockey arms for which any retraction mechanism would be difficult to design on account of the mechanical linkage connecting them to thehydrofoils.

Furthermore the control planes are liable to bump and bounce on the Waves at speed causing vibration and noise in the craft.

f Th-e obj ect of the present invention is the provision of means for varying the angle of incifor predicting the water surface ahead of the craft, which predictor means,'upon a change in level of the Water surface relative thereto regulates a hydrofoil actuating mechanism, preferably: housedwithin the craft, to vary the angle of attack of one or more of the saidl hydrofoils .,tojcause the craft` to follow the--undulations of the'watersurface. v f I, Y f 'Preferably-aseparate predictor means sprovided for each forward hydrofoil which is situated in line ahead of its respective hydrofoil. There is a separate hydrofoil actuating mechanism for each predictor means which controls the hydrofoil or hydrofoils associated with the predictor.

Various embodiments of the invention will now be described with reference to the accompanying drawings in which,

Figure 1 is a schematic side elevation of a hydrofoil craft according to the invention,

Figure 2 is a front view of the craft according to Figure 1,

Figure 3 is a sectional side elevation of part of one form of predictor means,

Figure 4 is a sectional front elevation of part of a second form of predictor means,

Figure 5 is a sectional side elevation of part of a third form of predictor means,

Figure 6 is a circuit diagram showing the combination of any of the predictor means according to Figures 3, 4 or 5 with a hydraulically operated hydrofoil actuating mechanism,

Figure 7 is a circuit diagram showing the combination of -any of the predictor means according to Figures 3, 4 or 5 with a hydrofoil actuating mechanism comprising a reversible electric motor,

Figure 8 is a schematic sectional view of a modification of the hydrofoil actuating mechanism according to Figure 7,

Figure 9 illustrates diagrammatically a kinetic energy actuator comprising an electric slipcoupline,

Figure 10 shows a modification of the arrangement according to Figure 9,

Figure 1l shows a further modification of the arrangement according to Figure 9,

Figure l2 illustrates diagrammatically a kinetic energy actuator comprising a hydraulic slip cou- Figure 13 illustrates diagrammatically a kinetic energy actuator comprising a pneumaticv clutch,

Figure 14 is a side view of a further form of predictor means,

Figure l5 is a front view of the predictor means according to Figure 14,

Figure 16 shows the combination of the predictor means according to Figures 14 and l5 with a differentform of hydrofoil actuating mechanism's.

Similar items in the various figures are desig- 3 or travelling at slow speed, the approximate position of the water line under these conditions being indicated by the line aa. In the vicinity of the bow of the craft are two vertically depending struts 2, one on each beam, rigidly secured to the hull I. A centrally disposed vertically depending strut 3 is rigidly secured to the hull at-vthe stern of the craft. Pivotally mounted to the lower extremity of each strut 2 is a hydrofoil 4, whilst a hydrofoil 5 is rigidly mounted with a positive angle of attack to the rear strut 3. The angle of attack of each of the -forward hydrofoils 4 is controlled by an incidence command rod 6 pivotally connected 'to the lhydrofoilwQY and passing vertically upwards therefrom into the craft to a hydrofoil actuating mechanism generally designated l. Variousforms ofconstruction of the hydrofoil actuating ,mechanisml I will be described more fully hereinafter. Projecting forward rigidly from the bow of the craft jecting directly from vthe hull I the predict/orti;

the hull and maintain lateral stability of the s craft by. suitably adjusting the vangle of attack of the hydrofoils 4 in thermannermore fully described hereinafter. Y p

The craftmay be powered by an airscrew I2 mounted at the stern and driven by a prime-.-

mover I3 or it may be provided with a water propeller..

When travelling at'high speed the hullof the craft rises from theV water and is supported in an elevated position .by the hydrofoils 4, 5. The v relative position of the water lineunder ,these conditions being indicated bythe lineb-,ULTWO rudders I4, I5 are preferably provided. Rudder I4, positioned below thestern hydrofoil', being in 'use when the craft'is travelling on'its lhydro-- foils and both rudders exerting an rinfiuence when the craft is travelling with its hull on the water. "The .ruddersconvenientlyY mayA be mounted .on

the strut 3.

- iWhen the craft is travelling on its hydrofoi-ls,

the depth of immersion of the predictor means 9 on each predictor arm varies continually as the craft travels across the waves. The various predictor means and hydrofoil actuating'mechaunisms hereinafter described are provided to cause the craft to lift over the Waves as it meets them so that drag is not produced on the hull by contact with the water.V f

Figure 3 shows the construction of one form of predictor means 9a comprising a rplurality of.. 'switch contacts I6 carried on pivots I6' either mounted directly onto the predictor arm 8, which is made of insulating material, such as wood, or mounted on a strip of insulating material secured to the predictor arm 8 which latter can then be made of non-insulating material, such as metal. Each contact I6 is electrically connected to a separate lead II, which is led through the predictor armY 8.to'the interior of the craft,'and is rassociated with a xed contact I8 secured to i"the predictor arm andinsulated `from-contacts 4 I6. All the contacts I8 are joined to a common conductor I9 passing through the predictor arm to the interior of the craft. A light spring 20 holds each switch contact I6 away from its associated fixed contact I8.

When the craft is travelling slowly with its hull on the water the.. contacts I6 are closed hydrofoil actuating mechanism to operate in a manner to beY described more fully hereinafter. When the craft gathers speed and rises from the water surface the uppermost contacts I6 rise above the water surface and being no longer subjectedto *the water pressure they are separated from their fixed contacts I8 by the springs 20. When the predictor arm 8 passes through a wave one or more of the open contacts I6 will become submerged and will be closed again toits fixed contact I8 until the wavejis passed.. 'Ifhevmanner in which the reclosing of the contact pairs is caused to operate the hydrofoil actuating mechanism ,to make the craft rise over the wave will be fully described,hereinafter.` To protect A1the switch contacts from floating debris andfrom corrosion bythe vwater. a loose` membraneuZI of rubber or other suitable waterproof materialencloses the contacts within.` the reces'sf22 `of .the predictor arm.8. j f p y Q l' Figure 4 illustrates a second form of predictor Vmeans 9b in which a series' of contact pairs" 23,

24 are mounted on'thesurface of Vthe. predictor arm 8. The contacts 23 are insulated from each other and are each electrically connected t'ofa separate lead I'I leading to the hydrofoilactuating mechanism within the' craft. IAllthe contacts 24 are connected tov a common lead I9, these contacts being insulated fromY the contacts'23. When the contact pair`s'23, 24 areimmer'sed in water they become short circuited and a`circuit is completed from lead I9fto the leads 'I1'. ."When the predictor arm 8 rises as the craft gathers speed the uppermost contact pairs break' surface and become open circuited so thatrtheir leads I1 areldisconnectedfromlead I9.

The predictorL means 9b of Figure` 4 isof cheaper and more robust construction than the predictor 9a of YFigure 3-but 'itfl'iasV the 'disadvantagethat when -a current passes betweena cntactl pair the contact acting as van` anode" will rbecome corroded,so `that frequent replacement of Yone set of contacts, for examplethe' contacts 24, will be necessary.; Figure 5 illustratesafurther form of'predictor Ameans 9c in which the contacts 24 of Figure 4 are replaced 4by'a`coinmon electrode 25 clipped to'v theV predict arm 8 on brackets 26. In this ligure, as in Figures 3 and 4, the leads I'I and I9 are connected to the hydrofoil actuating mechanism. The electrode 25 acts as a common anodeto all the'contacts 23 when the latter become immersed.v .When the electrode 254 becomes y badly corrodedk it'ma'y'be replaced quickly and at relatively little expense. Instead of being mounted Von the predictor `arm 8 electrode 25 may bewsecured tofthe hull of the craft at any Ysuitable point. I A

The manner in which the predictor means Laccording to Figures 3, 4 and 5 regulate one form ofthe hydrofoil actuating mechanism will now be described with referenceto Figure 6.

Referring'to Figure 6 the' predictor 9c is 'of the type illustrated in Figure-15 comprising a series of-iixed-contacts 23o-23handacommon on contact 33e.

auvent electrode 25. Electrode 251s connected by lead I9 to the positive terminal of a direct current source 23 provided for example by a generator driven by the craft driving engine. The leads I'i'w-Ilh connect the contacts 23a-23h to one end of relay coils 29d-29h, the other end of which coils are all connected to a line 3D leading to the negative terminal of source 28. The coils 29d-29h control relays which when energised bridge contact pairs 34a-3 ih and when de-energised bridge 'contact pairs 32b-32h. Each left hand contact of contact pairs 31a-3m is connected to the lower end of the coil of a relay 33 whilst each left hand contact of contact pairs 32h-32h;v is connected to the lower end of the coil of' a relay 34. The upper ends of the coils of relays 33, 34

are connected across a switch 35 to thel positive terminalv of source 28.

i reservoir 43, whilst valves 44, 45, controlled by relay coils 46, 41 control exhaust outlets 48, 49 leading from cylinder 38. A rod 50 secured to the upper face of piston 31 is provided with a contact 5I adapted to wipe over the contacts 36h-38h as the piston 31 moves up and down in cylinder 33. Stuffing boxes diagrammatically represented at 52, 53 are provided where the incidence command rod 6 and rod 50 respectively emerge from cylinder 38. Relay coilsA 42 and 46 are connected in parallel with the supply 28 across the contacts 33a of relay 33 whilst relay coils 4I, 41 are connected in parallel with source 28 across the contacts 34a of relay 34.

Suppose that the craft is travelling at speed on its hydrofoils and that under these conditions the four predictor contacts 23e-2 3h are immersed whilst contacts 23a-23d are above the water line and that the hydrofoil incidence command rod 6 is in such a position that wiping contact 5I rests The four contacts 23e-23h are short circuited to the electrode 25 by immersion in the water so that coils 29e-2 9h carry current and contact pairs 31e-31h will be bridged.

Imagine now that the craft meets a wave and that predictor contact 23d becomes submerged. Relay coil 29d will be energised and contact pair 31d will be bridged. The bridging of contact pair 3 I d completes a circuit from the positive terminal of source 28 via the coil of relay 33, the right hand contact of contact pair 32e, contact 36e, and wiping contact 5l to the negative terminal of source 23. Relay 33 is therefore energised and its contacts 33u are bridged. Bridging of contacts 33a causes energisation of relay coils 42 and 46 which open valves 40 and 44. Compressed air then flows from reservoir 43 to the upper side of piston 31. The latter is forced down by the compressed air until wiping contact 5i .moves off contact 35e to contact 36d when relay 33 becomes de-energised and valves 40, 44 close to arrest the movement of piston 31.

The downward movement of piston 31 moves the to pivot onstrut' 2f and v'toV assume a greater angle of attack. This increased angle of attack causes the craft to rise over the wave predicted by predictor 9c. The craft continues to. rise until predictor contact 23d breaks surface to de-energise coil 29d and cause contacts. 32dv to be bridged. Bridging of contacts 32d completes a circuit from source 28 to the coilof relay 34 Via contact 36d and wiping contact 5|. Energisation of relay 34 energises relay coils 4I, 41 to open valves 39. 45. Compressed air from cylinder 43 now forces piston 31 upwards in cylinder 38 and the angle of attack of hydrofoil 4 is restored to the value existing before the wave was encountered.v Wiping contact 5| returning in theprocessto contact 35e whereupon valves 39, 45 close and piston 31 comes to rest. Wiping. contact 5l is of sufllcient size to bridge two of the contacts 36 so that it cannot come. to. rest in between two contacts.

The hydrofoil actuating mechanism can b operated without use being made of the predictor ec by opening switch 35. The angle of attack of the hydrofoils may then be adjusted by the press-buttons 54, 55. Depression of press-button 54 bridges contacts 33h to energise relay coils 42, 4t. Energisation of these coils opens valves 43, 44 to cause the hydrofoil incidence command rod e to be moved downwards to increase the angle of attack of hydrofoil 4. In like manner closing of press button 55 decreases the angle of attack of hydrofoil 4.

Although predictor '3c is shown constructed in Vaccordance with the predictor described with reference to Figure 5, exactly the same effect will be obtained if a predictor 9a. or 9b according to Figure 3 or 4 is employed.

It is stated above that the working uid of the actuating mechanism is compressed air. The actuating mechanism will of course work equally well with the water or oil as the working uid, the reservoir 43 then forming an hydraulic accumulator. Whatever the working iiuid the reservoir or accumulator 43 is supplied by a suitable compressor or pump (not shown) through a nonreturn valve 56.

Figure 7 illustrates the connection of a further forin of hydrofoil actuating mechanism with vthe predictor 9c. Predictor 9c, with its associated relay coils 23a-29h, contacts 31a-31h, contacts 32h-32h, contacts 33h-3th and wiping contact 5l, is connected in circuit with the coils of relays 33, 34 to the source 28 in the same manner as in the circuit described with reference to Figure 6, with the exceptions that switch 35 of Figure 6 is replaced by a switch 51 in lead I9 and each of the coils 29o-29h is provided with its own isolating switch 5mt-58h. The purpose of these switches will be fully described hereinafter.

The incidence command rod 5 is driven vertically upwards or downwards by a reversible electric motor 59 through suitable gearing (such as a worm on the motor shaft engaging a rack on the command rod 6). Motor 59 has a field winding Gd' directly connected to the source 3i? whilst the armature may be connected to source 28 by closing either contacts 33o and 33d of relay 33, or contacts 34o and 34d of relay 34. When the contacts of relay 33 are closed the motor 59 rotates in one direction whilst when the contacts of relay 34 are closed it rotates in the other direction. Y

Suppose that the craft is travelling at speed on its hydrofoils-with predictor contacts 23a-23h submerged andl wiping contact-5l on contact 36e.

cThe--relaycoritacts 3| af-13| hand 32h-32h. will be either open circuitedyor bridged asshown, and

astfullydescribed with :reference to Figure. "If n'owfthe eraf-t meetsa wave and contact and contact'pairv3|d`rwillbe bridged. The coil of. relay 33 becomes energised and contacts 33e and133dare closed.V Current cannow pass to the'armature of motor 59" which latter cornmences-toirotateina direction to drive.` the com- `1-0 -mand1rod 6' downwards` to increase theV angle Yo'fattackfofhydrofoils 4 A(see Figures l and 2). The wipingi; contact 15|.V upon reaching contact 36dY cutsfoi'ithe supply-to -the coil of relay 33, thec'ontactsf33c-and 33dof which open, and the 5.

"motor 59 Acornes to rest. With the increased angle *of attack oftliehydrofoil Ythecraft rises over "the waveencountered'byl predictorw'Sc. y vdictor 9c passes the Wave contact 23d will break surface and coil 29d will be de-energised. Con-,x

tact pair 32d is bridged and a circuit is completed across this contact-pair and wiping contact (which is now on contact 36d) to the coil of relay 34. Energisation of the coil of relay in a direction to drive the command rod 6 upwards. The angle of attack of hydrofoil 4 is reduced to the value existing before the wave was encountered and wiping Contact 5| returns to contact 36e in which position neither relay 33 nor relay 34 is energised and motor 59 comes to rest.

Although a predictor 9c is shown, constructed in accordance with that described with reference to Figure 5, it will be appreciated that the above described circuit would operate in exactly the same manner with predictors 9a. or 9b of the types described with reference to Figure 3 or Figure 4.

The entire control system can be rendered inoperative by opening switch 6| which open circuits simultaneously the armature and field circuits of motor 59, whilst if it is desired to cut out the automatic predictor 9c switch 51 is thrown over to its contact 62. incidence of the hydrofoil 4 may then be controlled by manual operation of the switches 58d-58h, ,which switches are open during automatic prediction.

23d Vbecomes submerged, coil 29d will be energised 5 .f If the predictor 9c (of Figure 7)` transmits Vvsignal of considerable duration it is possible that fAn; air inlet 19 having a non-return. valve 80 is also provided to compensate for any air leakage 4inthe system. Rotation Vofmotor 59 in the opposite direction moves slide valve 68 into a position-where compressed air from reservoir 69 is suppliedto the lower end of cylinder to drive piston/1| upwards and reduce the angle of atthe motor 59 will be driven in one direction lfor a suiiicient length of time for slide valve 68 to be moved toone end or the other of valvevchamber 16. vTo avoid this eventuality switches 8|, 82 `(see Figures 7 and 8) in the circuits of the coils of relays 33 and 34 are adapted to be opened by a' projection83 mounted on rod 65. Switch 8| will be opened just before slide valve 68 reaches its upper permissible limit of travel to de-energisethecoil; of relay 33 Vand stop motor 59. In .like manner opening of switch 82 when slide valve 68 is approachingits lower permissible 34 closes Contacts 34C madam to drive motor 59 g5V limit of travel will de-energise the coil of relay .34. Although it is stated above that the working iiuid of cylinder 10'is compressed air it will Ybe 'appreciated that the system will operate "equallywell with a liquid as the working uid,

0 in which case reservoir 69 will be replaced by a which movement of the hydrofoil to motor-81'by` 'a coupling 94 and carried in The angle of bearings 95, 96 inthe'actuator housing 91. Spur wheelsSS'and 92 are keyed to fiywheels 86 and #8 5 respectively. TheV idler wheel 9| is mounted *on 'al shaft 98 secured to the housing 91.

Figure 8 indicates an alternative method of 50 actuating the hydrofoil command rod 6 from the reversible motor 59 of Figure '7. Referring to Figure 8 a worm 63 mounted on the shaft of motor 59 engages a wormwheel 64, rotation of which causes a threaded rod to move throughf 5 a central threaded hole in the wormwheel. Movement of wormwheel 64 along the axis of rod 65 is prevented by thepedestals 66, 61 which also'act as bearings for rod 65. A slide valve I 68 attached to the upper end of rod 65 controls" the supply of compressed air from a reservoir 69 to a cylinder 10. A piston 1| in cylinder 10 is connected to the incidence command rod 6 which is in turn connected to the hydrofoil 4 pivotally mounted on strut 2.

Rotation of motor 59 in one direction causes slide valve 68 to move into a position where compressed air can now from the supply pipe 12 into the upper end of cylinder 10 through channel 13. Piston 1| will be forced downwards to increase the angle of attack of hydrofoil 4, the lower end of cylinder 10 being. connected to the exhaust pipe ,15 through channel 14 and the Rotor |03 has acentrally disposed threaded hole The flywheels 85, 86 are provided with excitation windings diagrammatically indicated by reference numerals 99, |00 the ends of which are connected to slip rings |0 I, |02.

Interposed between flywheels 85, 86 is a rotor |03 having a short circuitedrwinding diagrammatically indicated by reference numeral |04.

which engages a threaded portion |05 on com- ,The`leads A, B, C, D are connected to brushes which bear on the s lip rings |8I, |02.

The l above described hydrofoil actuating 'mechanism maybe employed with the predictor means 9c and associated relay contacts 3|a-3lh,

' 32b-I32h-and contacts 36h-36h. of Figure 6, the

leads A, B, C, D of Figure 9 being connected to vthe apparatus enclosed within the chain line |08 Vof,..liigure Gaby connectionrrespectively to the l leadsA, B, C, Doir Figure 6. The rod 50 of Figure Gwill be secured to the upper end of the vcommand rod 6 as shown fin Figure 9.

slide valve chamber 16,. A pump 11 draws exe.; 7 g'uppose/that, the craft is travelling on its hydrofoils under the same conditions that initially were assumed in the case of the control system according to Figure 6, i. e. predictor contacts 23e to 23h immersed, and wiping contact 5| on contact 36e.

If the predictor contact 23d now meets a wave and becomes submerged the coil of relay 33 Will be `energised as fully described with reference to Figure 6, leads A, B will be connected to the supply source 20 by closing of contacts 33a and the excitation winding 99 of flywheel 85 becomes energised.

The rotating energised winding 99 then causes the rotor |03 to rotate by interaction with the rotor winding |04 of the latter. Rotation of the rotor |03 causes the incidence command rod to be depressed to increase the angle of attack of the hydrofoil 4 and the craft is caused to rise relative to the water surface. Depression of the command rod 6 causes wiping contact 5| to move on to contact 36d (Figure 6), relay 33 becomes de-energised, the supply to excitation winding 99 is cut off and rotor |03 comes to rest.

The increased angle of' attack of hydrofoil 4 causes the craft to rise over the wave predicted by predictor 9c until predictor contact 23d breaks surface. When predictor contact' 23d breaks surface relay coil 29d is deenergised and contacts 32d are bridged. Relay 34 now becomes energised and contacts 34a are closed to connect the flywheel excitation winding in circuit with the source 28 over leads C, D and relay contacts 34a. Interaction between the rotating energised winding |00 and the winding |04 of rotor I 03 causes' the Vlatter to be driven in the opposite direction so causing the incidence cornmand rod to be raised to decrease the angle of attack of the' hydrofoill 4 to the value existing before the Wave Was encountered, wiping contact returning in the process to contact 36e whereupon relay 34 is de-energised and rotor |03 comes to rest.

In order to prevent hunting of the device a brake |09 may be provided to prevent continued rotation of the rotor |03 when the excitation windings 99 and |00 are deaenergised.

Brake |09 is normally urged by a spring ||0- against the periphery of rotor |03 to prevent rotation of the latter. Release of 'brake |09 is governed by a relay coil which when energised overcomes the tension of spring H0. Relay coil is connected to supply source 28 across the contacts I |-2b of a relay having coils ||2a' and |'I2c respectively in the leads, A, C. When either lead A or' leadv C carries current contacts ||2b arebridged, brake |09 isV released by energisation of coil and rotor |03 is freeto rotate. When neither of the leads A or C is carrying current contacts ||2b are open circuited.= Coil will not be energised under these conditions and spring Htl applies the brake |09 to rotor |03.

By opening switch 35 of Figure the predictor 9c may be isolated and the craft can thenv be controlled by manual operation of the pressY buttons 54,- 55.

The arrangement of Figure`9 may be modied by'providing the rotor |03 with a phase Wound winding. Referring to Figure I0 the rotor ||3 is provided with a 3-phasel winding H4, the separatev phases being connected to slip rings H5 mounted on the rotor. It then becomes possible to insert an externall resistance H6 in the rotor circuit ||4 to increase the slip between the rotor ||3 and the rotating fields 99 and 00'. The value of the external rotor resistance' HB is varied 10 manually from within the craft by adjustment of the contacts Figure 1l shows a modication of the arrangef ment of Figures 9 and 10. As in thearrangeihet according to Figure 10 the rotor I3 has a phase Wound winding H4 the resistance of which can be increased by an external resistance I6. 'The predictor 9c is provided with two auxiliary con'- tact pairs ||8 and ||9 which may be constructed in the same manner as the predictor contacts described with reference to Figure 3. These auxiliary contact pairs are placed at a considerable distance from the normal water line so that contact pair I8 becomes immersed, and contact pair 9 breaks surface, only when the craft is travel ling on its hydrofoils in a rough sea. `Contact pair |8 is in circuit with a relay coil |20c and the electric supply 28 Whilst contact pair ||9 is circuit with a relay coil i201) and supply source 28'. When energised, relay coil |2v`0a open circuits relay contacts |20c and 20d`and closes relay c'o'ntact |20c, whilst relay coil |201), when energised, tends to close contacts |20c and 20d and operi contact |20c. A spring |2| urges the relay in a direction to open circuit contacts |20c and |2'0d and close contact e. l u

When the craft is travelling with the predictor 9c submerged to the water line n-n contact pair ||9 is closed by the water pressure and contact pair ||8 is open circuited. Under these conditions relay coil |20c is de-energised and relay coil |206 is energised. Relay coil |20c overcomes the thrust of spring |2| and closes contacts |20c and |20d and opens contact |20c. The rotor winding l |4 will then be connected in circuit With the exft'ernal rotor resistance H6. The slip of rotor ||3 will be fairly large, owing to the high resistance of its Winding, and any corrections ofl the` angle of attack of hydrofoil 4 due to slight changes of water level at predictor 9c will take Aplace relatively 's`low1y. If now the Water level changes suddenly byV a considerable amount to the water line p-p contact pair IB is immersed and closed by' the water pressure. Relay coil |20c is energised, which, together with the thrust of spring |2|, overcomes the pull of relay coil |29b to open contacts |20c and |20d andl close contact |20c. The external resistance I6 is' disconnected from rotor winding |14 and the closing of contact |20c short circuits the slip' rings ||5 with the result that the slip of the rotor I3 is reduced. The correction of the4 angle of attack of hvdrofoil 4 will therefore' take place relatively quickly.`

In like manner if the water level suddenly drops a considerable amount to` level r-r both contact pairs ||8 and H9 are open' circuited and spring .|2| urges the relav in a direction to open contacts |20c and IZDd and close contact |20c. The rotor winding resistance and hence the' rotor slip is again decreased and correction of the angle of attack of hvdrofoil 4' takes place rapidly.

Although predictor 9c in Fig1'1re's 9 to 11 is shown as being of the tvpe described with reference to Figure 5 it will be appreciated that operation f the control system will be exactly the same with predictors 9a or 9b constructed according to Figure 3 or 4.

Instead of the slipL couplings described with reference to Figures 9 to 11 the ywheels 85, 85

and rotor |03 mav form the elements of an elec'- 11 avoiding the use of slip ringsjll, |02' and brush gear required in the case of windingsV secured to the ilywheels.

Figure 12 illustrates a control system Yiorfhy- 4,drofoil craft comprising aY predictor 9aof the type described with reference to Figure 3 and having a kinetic energy actuator for varying the yangle of attack of hydrofoil'li which'comprises a hydraulic coupling generally designated |22;A

The hydraulic coupling |22 operates on the principle of the well known Fttinger hydraulic transformer. The two flywheel members |23, v|24 are driven rapidlv in opposite directions on an extension |25 of the command rod V6 by an electric motor and gearing (not shown) lin the same way'as the iiywheels 85, 860i Figure 9.' A plurality of cup like depressions |25; lying on acircle ,concentric with the axis of extension |25, is

formed in the inwardly facing surface of each fly-v f wheel member. Interposed between the flywheel members |23, |24 is a rotor |21 keyed to the'eX- tension |25. The opposite faces of rotorv |21 are provided with a plurality of cup like depressions |28a and |281) equal in'number to, and lying on a circle of the same diameter as, the 'depressions |26 of the ywheel members |23, |24. Extension |25 is a hollow shaft having a closure member I 29 in its bore which divides it into two, tubular portions |30, |3|. V|3I|`connect the bores of tubular portions |30 and |3| respectively to the cup like depressions 128e and |281). Tubular portion |30 Iofvextension is connected by a liquid tight coupling |34, within which it is 'free to rotate, -to'asupply line |35. Tubular portion |3| is connected lby a liquid tight coupling |36, within which 'itis free to rotate, to a liquid supply line 131. YSupply lines and |31 are connected tothe'outletA pipe |38 of an hydraulic accumulator, generally designated |39,Y through the hydraulic Yvalves |40 and respectively. Hydraulic accumulator |39 comprises acylinder |42 into the lower end of which lead the outlet pipe|3 8 and Van inlet pipe |43. Within cylinder |42 isa ram |46 loaded 'by a weight |45 carried'by a cradle |46. A Vpump |41, driven by the engine of the craft, supplies liquid to the hydraulic accumulator through a non-return valve |43 in the inlet -pipe |43. The supplyto the pump is drawn from the casing |49 of the hydraulic coupling |22 through pipe |50 and from a liquid reservoir (not shown) through a pipe |5| and non-return valve |52. L I

TheY hydraulic valves |40, |4| are controlled respectively by relay coils! 53 and |54which are supplied by leads A, B and C, D respectively. "The above'fdescribed hydrofoil actuating lmechanism may be employed with'the predictor Channels |32 and f means 9c and associated relay'contacts 31u-Blk',

tem according to Figure 6, iie. predictor contacts 23e-23h. immersed on contact 36e.

If the predictor contact 23d now meets a wave and wiping contact 5| and becomes submerged the coil of relay- 33 will r be energised, as fully described with refeIiQIlQe. 15.0.

The rod of Figv, Y, n' dJ-Hr. Figure 6, leads A, B will be connected to the sup-gf. ply source 28 by closing of contacts 33a, and hydraulic valve |40 will be opened by energisation of relay coil |53. n H

Liquid from the hydraulic accumulator |3 can now pass to the'cup like depressions I28 of rotor |21 and depressions |26 in flywheel member |23'through pipe |35, tubular portion |30 and channels |32, with the result that the rotor |21 is dragged around with ywheel member |23 and rotates extension |25. This latter is provided at its lower end with a threaded rod ,whichenl gages a threaded hole |56 inthe upper end-of the command rod 6. Rotation of rotor |21and extension |25 with ywheelmember |23 causes rod |55 to depress the command rod 6 and to in-y crease the angle of attack of hydrofoil 4, wiping contact 5| moving to contact 36d in the process. Movement of wiping contact 5| to contact 36d de-energises the coil of.1jelay` 33 causing contacts 33a to open and relay coil |33 to be deenergised.y Hydraulic valve I 40; closes, the Vsupply of liquid from hydraulic accumulator |39 to the rotor |21 and flywheel member |23 ceases and rotor |21 comes to rest. Y

The increased angle of attack given to hydro foil 4v causes the craft to vvrise over the wave predicted by predictor. 9c until predictor contact23d breaksv surface. When predictor contact 23d breaks surface relay coil 29d isde-energised-and contacts 32d are bridged. Relay 34 now becomes energised and contacts 34a are closed to energise relaycoil |54 over leads C, D. Energisationpf relay coil |54 opens hydraulic valve` |4| toisupply fluid from the hydraulic accumulator to the cup like depressions |281) of rotor I 21 and depressions |26 in iiywheelmember |24 through pipe |31, tubular portion |3| and channels |33; Rotor |21 then rotates in the opposite direction with flywheel member |24. Extension |25v and threaded rod |55 now rotate in a direction causiing the command r'od 5 to rise to reduce, the angle of attack of hydri'oil 4 tothe Value exist-j ing 'before the wave was encountered, wiping contact 5| returning in the process"to"contalct 36e whereupon relay'34 visdeeenergisedandrotor |21 comes to rest.

By opening switch 350i Figure 6 the predictor 9c may be isolated and the craft then may be controlled by manual operation of press buttons 54, 55 o r by manual control ofvalves |40, |4|.

Although predictor 9c is shown constructed in accordance with the predictor of Figure 5 it will be appreciated that predictors 9a or 9b according to Figures 3 and 4 could be employed equally well with the above described control system.-

Figure 13 illustrates a further control system for hydrofoil craft comprising a predictor 9c of the type described with reference to Figure 5 and a kinetic energy actuator for varying the angle of attack of hydrofoil 4 (comprising a pneumati- -cally operated clutch, generally designated' |51.

line |60. Relay |54 when energised opens a valve |6| to the supply pipe |60 and when de-'energised opens the valve |6| to exhaust |59. Valves |58 and |5| are connected .by pipes |62, |63 to pneu- Withincylinders |64, respectively.

amavis these cylinders are pistons |66, |61 the piston rods of which are pivotally connected to arms |68, |69 mounted on. pivots |12, |1|. The left hand ends of arms |68, |69 have forked portions |12, |13 engaging between flanges |14, |15 secured to flywheels |16, |11.l Flywheels |16, |11 are driven rapidly in opposite directions by an electric motor and suitable gearing (not shown) in the same way as the ilywheels 85, 86 of Figure 9. Interposed between the flywheels |16, |111 is a clutch plate |18 secured to shaft |19 upon which the flywheels |16, |11 are slidably and rotatably mounted.

When neither of the relay coils |53, |54 is envergised cylinder |64 is connected through the valve |58 to supply line |60 (leading to a compressed air reservoir not shown) and cylinder |65 is connected through valve |61 to exhaust |59. The compressed air acting on piston |65 depressed the latter to raise flywheel |16l away from clutch plate |18. Flywheel |11, under the influence of its weight is lowered out of contact with clutch plate |18.

If now. relay coil |53 becomes energised in the manner described with reference to Figure l2 valve |58 connects cylinder |64 to exhaust |59 and flywheel |16 descends under its own weight on to clutch plate |18 and causes the latter to rotate. If necessary the flywheel may be spring urged downwards to obtain a more effective drive between the flywheel and clutch plate |18. Rotation .of clutch plate |18 causes rotation of shaft `|19 which shaft is connected to the incidence command'rod of the craft (not shown) in the same manner as the extension piece '|25 of Figure 12. The incidence command rod will therefore be depressed to increase the angle of incidence of the hydrofoil to cause the craft to rise relative to the water surface. In a similar manner when relay coil |54 is energised flywheel |11 is lifted into contact with clutch plate |18 to rotate shaft |19 in the opposite direction to raise the incidence command rod.

The switch 35 of Figure 6 may be opened to isolate the predictor 9c so that the craft can be controlled by manual operation of valves |58, 16|, l

or by operation of the press buttons 54, 55 of Figure 6.

The predictor 9c may of course be replaced by a predictor 9a or 9b of the type described with v 'dictor means Sd'according to the invention. Se-

cured to the predictor arm 8 are twometal electrodes |80, |8| retained in sockets 182,183 by set "screws |84, |85. Leads |1'and i9 connect the two electrodes to a hydrofoil yactua-ting mechanism situated within the craft, the construction of vvvhichwill be fully described hereinafter.

`rne'cted'to a plurality of series connectedf graded relaycoils 18600-18871.. Relay coils- 18M-|8671. are dimensi'oned to `respond to currents lof different magnitude lto control contacts Sla-3m `and 32h-82h. Thus relay coil |667@ first becomes energised when a small ycurrent passes between electrodes |80, `IBI. vIf electrodes |86, |8|areslow1y immersed to va greater and greater depththe current flowing between them will gradually increaseand relay coils |`86g|86a will in turn become energised until when electrodes |80, |8| are immersed to their maximum depth al1 the relay coils will be energised. n'Figure 16'the electrodes |86, |`6| are immersed'to such a depth that a current of sucientmagnitude passes betweenfthem to-energise relay 'coils liste-|861 to close contacts SIe-3m. Relay coils IBM-|86@ are not energised and contacts 32h-32d Will be bridged.

The circuit of Figure 16 Yoperates in exactly the same way as those of Figures '6 and 7 to `operate either the pneumatic, hydraulic or electric hydrofoil actuating mechanisms described with reference to those figures, or thekinetic energy actuators described with reference to Figures 9 to 13.

To compensate for `variations in conductivity-of the water in which 'the craft is travelling (for example the conductivity of seawater is greater than that of river water) and for variations in water temperature the voltage applied to the electrodes of predictor 9d may be varied by means of a potentiometer |81. An ammeter |88 placed in the circuit of electrodes |80, 18| measures the current flowing between the electrodesand can be calibrated to indicate the angle of attack of the hydrofoils. By suitable adjustment of potentiometer |81 the pilot of the craft can maintain the hydrofoils 4 at their maximum angle of vattack during take-off of the craft so that the craft rides on to its hydrofoils in the shortest possible time.

In yet a further embodiment -of the invention the predictor comprises a copper mica condens- 'er secured to the end of the predictor arm 8 (Figures l and 2). The copper mica condenser being sensitive to water pressure, the intensity of an alternating current applied to it can be made to vary according to either'the speedV of the craft or to its depth of immersion. I-f it is desired that the condenser shall only respond to depth of immersion it will be necessary to shield it from the pressure variations which are a function of the speed of the boat. Such a copper mica condenser may replace electrodes |80, |8| in the control systems according to Figure 16, supply rsource 28 being a source of alternating current.

g The force required to alter the angle of attack of the hydrofoils `will increase as the speed of the craftincreases. yInfthecase of a hydrofoil actuating mechanism according to Figure '1, the increased force necessary to operate the Vhydrofoils at high craft speeds will be provided automatically by the reversible motor 59 consuming anincreased current from source 28. .In the kcase of hydrofoil actuating mechanisms according to Figures 6, 8, 9, 10, V11, 12, 13, and 16, the tendency will be for the actuation of the hydrofoils to take place more slowly as the speed of the craft increases. To counteract this tendency the predictor arm 8 (see Figures l 'and 2) may be adapted to project further from the craft at high speeds so that prediction of the wave surface ahead of the craft voccurs earlier. This .movement yforward of predictor arm 8 preferably is effectedautomatically. For example Va small object may be towed by a wire behind the craft. As the craft speed increases -thexstrain .on

' of said piston may vary the angle of attack of ,-.thehydrofoiL ,Y

the wire increases and this variable' strain can be'made to open and close electric contacts within the craft controlling a small electric motor driving the predictor arms 8 backwards and forward through the agency of a rack and pinion mechanism. As an alternative to moving the predictor arms 8 the above mentioned wire may be adapted to control a further potentiometer connected across supply source 28 in the case of the control systems according to Figure 16, to increase the voltage applied to the predictor automatically as the speed of the craft increases.

All of the predictor mechanisms described above may be mounted on streamlined struts projecting forwardly of the craft and they will travel smoothly through the water without any of the bumping or bouncing experienced with mechanical skids and they will not materially affect directional stability of the craft.

Due to this simple construction the predictor arms 8 maybe retracted easily into the craft,

or be swung upwards from the water, when the craft comes alongside. It thus becomes possible to provide hydrofoil craft according to the presient invention with landing wheels which are lowered, priorto breaching,l below hydrofoils d. .'Inghitherto known hydrofoil craft this has not Ibeen possible owingto the vulnerability of the comparatively fragile and non-retractable mechanical prediction gear.

It`is ;to be understood that the invention is not limited to Atheparticularmethod of adjusting `theangle of attack of the hydrofoils by means of a command rod as described above. As an alternativeto the incidence command rod B, two wires 1 .above described hydrofoil actuatingv mechanisms in any suitable manner. i y Y Furthermore the invention is not limited to craft comprising only one hydrofoil 4 mounted to the struts 2. The hydrofoil actuating mechanisms described above may be linked to a plurality of hydrofoils arranged one above the vother on each strut 2.

What I claim is: A l. Apparatus for a boat having a hydrofoil,

l. comprising predictor means rigidly mounted with relation to the boat adapted to travel at least partially submerged under the water ahead of the boat, and including electrical means for producing a signal upon a change in level of the water surface relative to said predictor means,v

in combination with an actuating mechanism connected to the hydrofoil and adapted to receive thesignal from said predictor means and varyingthe angle of attach of said hydrofoil,

lrvlrhereloy the boat is caused to follow the undulations f the water surface.

l2.' Apparatus as claimed in claim 1 and including in the predictoimeans a predictor arm rigidly mounted with relation to the boat adapted to project forwardly from the boat and to plunge into the water ahead of the boat; the predictor ,means being mounted on said arm.

3. Apparatus as claimed in claim 1 wherein the hydrofoil actuating mechanismV comprises a .,cylinder, a piston adapted to be moved inv either direction in'said cylinder by fluid pressure', and incidence command means for joining said piston to the hydrofoil whereby movement 16 4. Apparatus as 'claimed in claim 3 wherein the -hydrofoil actuating AI'hechanismv comprises electric relays in combination Ywith valves controlled by said relays Vand-adapted to regulate the supply of uid to the cylinder.

5. Apparatus as claimed in claim 4 and including an electric supply source and a second group of relays, the first-mentioned relays controlling the valves being electrically connected to said electrical supply source through said second group of relays and said second group of relays being electrically connected to the predictor means whereby the electric relays controlling the valves may be energized from said electric supply source through said second group of relays and the energization of said second group of relays can be controlled by the predictor means.

6. Apparatus as claimed in lclaim l wherein the hydrofoil actuating mechanism comprises a cylinder, a piston adapted to be moved in either direction within said cylinder by fluid pressure, a slide valve adapted to control a supp-ly of iiuid to said cylinder, a reversible electric Ymotor for controlling the position of said slide valve-and means for connecting said piston to the hydrofoil whereby movementf the piston can vary the angle of attack of the hydrofoil.

7. Apparatus as claimed in claim 6v and including an electrical supply source, a pair of relays having contacts, the armature of the reversible motor being connected to said supply source across the contactsA oi said vrelays and means electrically connectingsaid relays with said predictor means whereby the opening and closing of said contacts maybe controlled by rsaid predictor means.

8; Apparatus as claimed in claim ,7 wherein the closing of the contacts of one of the relays in adapted to cause the'reversible motor to rotate in one direction whilst theY closing of the contacts yof the other relay is adapted to cause the reversible -motor to rotate in the other direction.

9. Apparatus as claimed in claim 1 wherein the hydrofoil actuatngmechanism comprises a cyiinder, a piston adapted to be moved in either direction within said cylinder by uid pressure, a slide valve adapted to regulate the supply of uid to said cylinder, a reversible electric motor for controlling the position of said slide valve, and means for connecting the piston with the hydrofoil whereby the angle of attack of the hydrofoil may be Varied, in combination with means for rendering the hydrofoil actuating mechanism inoperative when the hydrofoil attains a predetermined angle of attack.

10. Apparatus as claimed in claim 1 wherein said hydrofoil actuating mechanism comprises an electric slip coupling, said coupling including two fly wheels adapted to'be rotated in opposite directions and having excitation windings, a driven rotor interposed between said flywheels and means for connecting said rotor to the hydrofoil, whereby when said rotor is driven by one of said iiy wheels the angle of attack of said hydrofoil can be varied.

11. Apparatus as claimed in claim 10 wherein the rotor is provided with a short-circuited winding. I Y

l2. Apparatus as claimed in claim 1 wherein the hydrofoil actuating mechanism comprises an electric slip coupling, said coupling including two flywheels, said flywheels each being provided with an excitation winding and the two wheels being adapted to rotate in opposite directions, a driven rotor having a phase wound winding, said threaded aperture;

rotor being interposed between Ysaid vilyvvheels and means for connecting said rotor to the hydrofoil, whereby when said rotor is driven by one of said flywheels the angle of attack of said hydrofoil may be varied.

13. Apparatus as claimed in claim 12 and including an external resistance and slip rings, said slip rings connecting said external resistance to the rotor winding.

14. Apparatus as claimed in claim 13 and-comprising control means connecting the predictor means to the circuit between the external resistance and the rotor.

l5. Apparatus as claimed in claim 11i-and fincluding means for varying the magnitude of the external resistance.

16. Apparatus as claimed in claim 1 wherein the hydrofoil actuating mechanism comprises an electric slip coupling including two ywheels having excitation windings and adapted to rotate in opposite directions, the windings of said fiy wheels being adapted to form the rotating eld of said coupling, a rotor interposed between said iiywheels, said rotor having' an axially in combination with a threaded rod engaging in said rotor aperture and adapted to connect with said hydrofoil whereby when said rotor is driven by one of said iiy wheels said rod is caused to move axially of said rotor and thus vary the angle of attack of said hydrofoil.

17. Apparatus as claimed in claim 16 wherein 'said flywheels are loosely mounted for rotation on said rod.

18. Apparatus as claimed in claim 1 wherein the hydrofoil actuating mechanism comprises an hydraulic slip coupling, said coupling including two flywheels adapted to be rotated in opposite directions as driving members, a driven rotor interposed between said iiywheels and means for connecting said rotor to the hydrofoil whereby when said rotor is driven by one of said flywheels the angle of attack of said hydrofoil may be varied.

19. Apparatus as claimed in claim 18 and including an hydraulic accumulator, a valve and means connecting said hydraulic accumulator to the hydraulic slip coupling through said valve whereby liquid may be supplied to said coupling from said accumulator.-

20. Apparatus as claimed in claim 19 comprising means for operating the valves connected to the predictor means whereby the opening and closing of the valves can be controlled by the predictor means.

21. Apparatus as claimed in claim 1 wherein said hydrofoil actuating mechanism comprises an hydraulic slip coupling having two flywheels adapted to rotate in opposite directions as the driving members of said coupling and a rotor interposed between said ilywheels and adapted to be driven by a ywheel as the driven member of said coupling, in combination with a shaft, a threaded rod extending from said shaft, and an incidence command rod having a threaded aperture and adapted to be connected to said hydrofoil, said rotor being mounted on said shaft, said threaded rod being engaged in the aperture of said command rod and said lywheels being loosely mounted for rotation on said shaft whereby rotation of said rotor and shaft causes said threaded rod to move said incidence command rod and thereby vary the angle of attack of the hydrofoil.

22. Apparatus as claimed in claim 1 wherein .saidhydrofoil actuating mechanism comprises a i uid actuated friction clutch having two driving members adapted to rotate in opposite directions, a clutch plate interposed between said driving members andadapted to be driven by one of said driving members, and means for connecting said clutch plate to said hydrofoil whereby movement of said clutch plate varies the angle of attack of said hydrofoil.

23. Apparatus as claimed in claim 22 and ncludin'g two fluid actuated pistons each of which is connected to one of the driving members whereby Vmovement of one of said pistons is adapted to move one of the driving members into engagement with the clutch plate.

24. Apparatus as claimed in claim 23 and including fluid supply means, valves, means connecting said iluid supply means through s-aid valves to the pistons and electric relays connecting said valves to the predictor means.

25. Apparatus as claimed in claim 1 wherein the hydrofoil lactuating mechanism comprises a compressed air actuated friction clutch having two driving members` adapted to rotate in opposite directions, a clutch plate interposed between saiddriving members and adapted to be driven Yby one of said driving members, and means for connecting said clutch plate to the hydrofoil, whereby movement of said clutch plate varies the angle of attack of the hydrofoil.

26. Apparatus as claimed in claim 1 wherein said hydrofoil actuating mechanism comprises a fluid actuated friction clutch having two driving members adapted to rotate in opposite'directions, a clutch plate interposed between said driving members and adapted to be driven by one of `said driving members and means for connecting said clutch plate to the hydrofoil in combination with an hydraulic accumulator adapted to supply -liquid under pressure to actuate said clutch.

27. Apparatus as claimed in claim 10 in combination with braking means acting on said driven rotor.

28. Apparatus ras claimed in claim 2'7 and comprisingV an electric relay connected to the predictor means and the brake whereby the release ofthe brake is ycontrolled by the predictor means.

29. Apparatus as claimed in claim 1 and including a predictor arm adapted to project'forwardly from the boat and to plunge into the water ahead of the boat; wherein the predictor means comprises a plurality of xed contacts mountedV one above another on said predictor arm, a movable rcontact associated with and insulated from each of said iixed contacts and a light spring adapted to hold away each of said movable contacts from its associated xed contact, said movable contacts being exposed to the effect of the movement of the boat through the Water whereby the dynamic pressure caused by such movement may overcome the thrust of said spring to allow a movable contact to move against a fixed contact whereby a signal may be transmitted to the actuating mechanism; and wherein the actuating mechanism comprises a cylinder, -a piston adapted to be moved in either direction in said cylinder by iiuid pressure, and incidenoe command means for joining said piston to the hydrofoil whereby movement of the piston may vary the angle of attack of the hydrofoil.

30. Apparatus as claimed in claim 1 and including a predictor arm adapted to project forwardly from the boat and to plunge into `the water ahead ot the boat; wherein Vthe lpredictor light spring adapted to hold away each of said movable contacts from its associated xed contact, said movable contacts being exposed to the eect of the movement of the boat through the water whereby the dynamic pressure caused by such movement may overcome the thrust of said spring to allow a movable contact to move against a fixed contact whereby a signal may be transmitted to the actuating mechanism; and wherein the actuating mechanism comprises an electric slip coupling, said coupling including two ilywheels adapted to be rotated in opposite directions and having excitation windings, a driven rotor interposed between said iywheels and means for connecting said rotor to the hydrofoil, whereby when said rotor is driven by one of said ywheels the angle of attack of said hydrofoil may be varied.

3l. Apparatus as claimed in claim 1 and including a predictor arm adapted to project forwardly from the boat and to plunge into the water ahead of the boat, wherein the predictor means comprises a plurality of xed contacts mounted one above another on said predictor arm, a movable contact associated with and insulated from each of said xed contacts and a light spring adapted to hold away each of said movable contacts from its associated xed contact, said movable contacts being exposed to the effect of the movement of the boat through the water whereby the dynamic pressure caused by such movement may overcome the thrust of said spring to allow a movable contact to move against a fixed contact, whereby a signal may be transmitted to the actuating mechanism; and wherein the actuating mechanism comprises an hydraulic slip coupling, said coupling including two ilywheels adapted to be rotated in opposite directions as driving members, a driven rotor interposed between said ilywheels and means for connecting said rotor to the hydrofoil whereby when said rotor is driven by one of said flywheels the angle of attack .by'

said hydrofoil may be varied.

32. Apparatus as claimed in claim l and including a predictor arm adapted to project forwardly from the boat and to plunge into the water ahead of the boat, wherein the predictor means comprises a plurality of xed contacts mounted one above another on said predictor arm, a movable contact associated with and insulated from each of said xed contacts and a light spring adapted to hold away each of said movable contacts from its associated xed contact, said movable contacts being exposed to the effect of the movement of the boat through the water whereby the dynamic pressure caused by such movement may overcome the thrust of said spring to allow a movable contact to move against a fixed contact, whereby a signal may be transmitted to the actuating mechanism; and wherein the actuating mechanism comprises a uid actuated friction clutch having two driving members adapted to rotate in opposite directions, a clutch plate interposed between said driving members and adapted to be driven by one of said driving members, and means for connecting said clutch plate to said hydrofoil,A whereby movement of said clutch plate varies the angle of attack of said hydrofoil.

33. Apparatus 'as claimed in claim 1 and including a predictor arm adapted to project forwardly from the boat and to plunge into the water ILO ahead o1 the boat,4 wherein the predictor means comprises a plurality of contactpairs insulated from each other and mounted one above another on the outside of said predictor arm, each-of said contact pairs being part of an electric circuit normally open'and connected to said actuating means, said circuit being adapted to close upon immersion of a contact pair in water, whereby a signal is transmitted to the hydrofoil actuating mechanism; and wherein the actuating mechanism comprises a cylinder, a piston adapted to be moved in either direction in said cylinder by uid pressure, and incidence command means for joining said piston to the hydrofoil whereby movement of said piston may vary the angle of attack of the hydrofoil.

Y 34. Apparatus as claimed in claim 1 and including a predictor arm adapted to project forwardly from the boat and to plunge into the water ahead of the boat; wherein the predictor means comprises a plurality of contact pairs insulated from each other and mounted one above another on the outside of said predictor arm, each of said rcontact pairs being part of an electric circuit normally open and connected to said actuating means, said circuit being adapted to close upon immersion of a contact pair in water whereby a signal is transmitted to the hydrofoil actuating mechanism and wherein the actuating mechanism comprises an electric sl;p coupling, said coupling including two ywheels adapted to be rotated in opposite directions and having excitation windings, a driven rotor interposed between said flywheels, means for connecting said rotor to the hydrofoil, whereby when said rotor is driven by one of said flywheels the angle of attack of the hydrofoil may be varied.

35. Apparatus as claimed in claim 1 and including a predictor arm adapted tok project forwardly from the boat and to plunge into the water ahead of the boat; wherein the predictor means comprises a plurality of contact pairs insulated from each other and mounted one above another on the outside of said predictor arm, each of. said contact pairs being partl of an electric circuit normally open and connected to saidV actuating means, said circuit being adaptedto close upon immersion of a contact pair in water, whereby a signal is transmitted to the hydrofoil actuating mechanism; and wherein the actuating mechanism comprises an hydraulic slip coupling, said coupling including two ywheels adapted to be rotated in opposite directions as driving members, a driven rotor interposed between said ywheels and means connecting said rotor to the hydrofoil whereby whensaid rotor is driven byone of said lywheels,

the angle of attack by the hydrofoil may be varied. i

362 Apparatus as claimed in claim 1 and including a predictor arm adapted to project forwardly from the boat and to plunge into the water ahead of said boat; wherein the predictor means comprises a plurality of contact pairs insulated from each other and mounted one above another on the outside of said predictor arm, each of said contact pairs 4being part of an electric circuit normally open and connected to the actuating means, said circuit beingadapted to close upon immersion of a contact pair in bers adapted to rotate in opposite directions, al

clutch -plate interposed betweenV said driving 37. Apparatus as claimed in claim 1 includinga predictor arm adapted to project forwardly from the boat and to plunge into the water ahead of the boat; and wherein the predictor means comprises two electrodes secured to said predictor arm; and wherein the actuating mechanism comprises a cylinder, a piston adapted to be moved in either direction in said cylinder by fluid pressure, and incidence command means for joining said piston to the hydrofoil whereby movement of said piston may vary the angle of attack of the hydrofoil.

38. Apparatus as claimed in claim 1 including a predictor arm adapted to project forwardly from the boat and to plunge into the water ahead of the boat, wherein the predictor means comprises two electrodes secured to said predictor arm; and wherein the actuating mechanism comprises an electric slip coupling, said coupling including two flywheels adapted to be rotated in opposite directions and having eX- citation windings, a driven rotor interposed between said ywheels and means for connecting said rotor to the hydrofoil whereby when said rotor is driven by one of said flywheels the angle of attack of the hydrofoil may be varied.

39. Apparatus as claimed in claim 1 including a predictor arm adapted to project forwardly from the boat and to plunge into the water ahead of the boat; wherein the predictor means comprises two electrodes secured to said predictor arm; and wherein the actuating mechanism comprises an hydraulic slip coupling, said coupling including two flywheels adapted to be rotated in opposite directions as driving members, a driven rotor interposed between said iiy- Wheels and means for connecting said rotor to the hydrofoil, whereby when said rotor is driven by one of said ywheels the angle of attack of the hydrofoil may be varied.

40. Apparatus as claimed in claim 1 including a predictor arm adapted to project forwardly from the boat and to plunge into the water ahead of the boat, wherein the predictor means com prises two electrodes secured to said predictor arm; and wherein the actuating mechanism comprises a fluid actuated friction clutch having two driving members adapted to rotate in opposite directions, a clutch plate interposed between said driving members and adapted to be driven by one of said driving members, and means for connecting said clutch plate to the hydrofoil, whereby movement of said clutch plate varies the angle of attack of the hydrofoil.

NEIL WILLIAM GARDINER.

REFERENCES CITED The following references are of record in the file of this patent:

UNITED STATES PATENTS Number Name K Date 1,186,816 Meacham June 13, 1916 2,176,469 Moueix Oct. 17, 1939 2,387,907 Hook Oct. 30, 1945 2,457,393 Muiily Dec. 28, 1948 

